文/北京集佳知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)代理有限公司西安分部 張藝
根據(jù)歐洲專利法案52條,以下內(nèi)容不視為發(fā)明:
(a)發(fā)現(xiàn),科學(xué)理論和數(shù)學(xué)方法;
?。╞)美學(xué)創(chuàng)作;
?。╟)用于進(jìn)行心理行為,游戲或商業(yè)方案,規(guī)則和方法,以及用于計(jì)算機(jī)的程序;
?。╠)信息展示。
在歐洲申請(qǐng)中,當(dāng)權(quán)利要求同時(shí)包括技術(shù)特征和非技術(shù)特征時(shí)(即“混合(Mixed)”發(fā)明),審查員往往會(huì)指出技術(shù)特征和非技術(shù)特征,之后僅僅針對(duì)技術(shù)特征來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)明的新穎性和創(chuàng)造性,即,在評(píng)價(jià)新穎性和創(chuàng)造性的過(guò)程中,不考慮非技術(shù)特征。
以計(jì)算機(jī)執(zhí)行的商業(yè)(管理)方法為例,獨(dú)立權(quán)利要求通常是由計(jì)算設(shè)備或終端執(zhí)行的一套方法。這種情況下,很可能只有執(zhí)行方法的計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備或終端被認(rèn)為是技術(shù)特征,所執(zhí)行的方法為“商業(yè)(管理)方案”,而這一套方案對(duì)權(quán)利要求的新穎性和創(chuàng)造性沒(méi)有貢獻(xiàn),不參與新穎性和創(chuàng)造性的評(píng)價(jià)。
在僅有執(zhí)行方法的計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)備或終端作為技術(shù)特征來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)新穎性和創(chuàng)造性的情況下,結(jié)果是可想而知的。
那么,這樣的審查意見(jiàn)應(yīng)該從何入手呢?根據(jù)歐專局上訴委員會(huì)判例法,可以得到一些思路。
上訴委員會(huì)判例法中指出,非技術(shù)特征僅在帶來(lái)整體技術(shù)效果的情況下,即在通過(guò)與權(quán)利要求書(shū)的技術(shù)特征進(jìn)行交互以解決技術(shù)問(wèn)題而對(duì)權(quán)利要求的技術(shù)特征做出貢獻(xiàn)的情況下,才有助于發(fā)明步驟。
非技術(shù)特征可以與技術(shù)元素交互,例如通過(guò)其在技術(shù)問(wèn)題的技術(shù)解決方案中的應(yīng)用,從而產(chǎn)生技術(shù)效果。非技術(shù)特征在一定程度上不與權(quán)利要求的技術(shù)主題相互作用以解決技術(shù)問(wèn)題,對(duì)現(xiàn)有技術(shù)沒(méi)有技術(shù)上的貢獻(xiàn),因此在評(píng)估新穎性和創(chuàng)造性時(shí)被忽略。
“混合”權(quán)利要求的主題并未排除在可專利性范圍內(nèi),但僅當(dāng)非技術(shù)元素與已知技術(shù)元素相互作用以產(chǎn)生技術(shù)效果時(shí)。在缺乏這種交互的情況下-當(dāng)技術(shù)要素僅是對(duì)非技術(shù)要素的支持而又沒(méi)有與之交互時(shí)-本發(fā)明沒(méi)有利用技術(shù)手段,因此不能被授權(quán)。
可見(jiàn),針對(duì)以上包括技術(shù)特征和非技術(shù)特征的權(quán)利要求,答辯的要點(diǎn)可以放在:非技術(shù)特征與技術(shù)特征交互,二者作為一個(gè)整體具有技術(shù)性,解決了技術(shù)問(wèn)題。
以下通過(guò)一個(gè)案例來(lái)探討這一答復(fù)思路。
?案例—?dú)W專局上訴委員會(huì)決定T0844-09
概述:本案口審后被駁回,在評(píng)價(jià)其新穎性和創(chuàng)造性時(shí),沒(méi)有考慮權(quán)利要求1的非技術(shù)特征。上訴人爭(zhēng)辯權(quán)利要求1的所有特征都是技術(shù)性的,其解決了技術(shù)問(wèn)題。上訴委員會(huì)接受了該爭(zhēng)辯,同意將技術(shù)特征和非技術(shù)特征作為整體考慮其具有技術(shù)性。
權(quán)利要求1
A computer-implemented method of operating averification system (100) for verifying details oftransactions drawn upon a financial account and auser's authorization to use the financial account,themethod comprising:
receiving from a user,at a user interface (102),information identifying (204) a financial account whichthe user desires to use, before the user may initiatean online transaction using the financial account;
generating (208) a series of verifying transactionsinvolving the financial account, with selected detailsof the transactions not being known to the user;
initiating (210) the series of verifying transactionsfrom a transaction processor (106);
storing in storage means within the verification systema first set of details of said series of verifyingtransactions;
receiving (216) from the user, at the user interface, atest set of details, to include specified details ofevidence of the verifying transactions retrieved by theuser from his or her financial account;
comparing (218) said test set of details to said firstset of details;and if said test set of details matches said first set ofdetails,authorizing(220) the user to conduct onlinetransactions using the financial account.
上訴人爭(zhēng)辯
“There was no basis in the EPC for discounting anyfeatures of a claim for not being technical in theconsideration of inventive step. Moreover, at any ratebecause the method of claim 1 was defined to becomputer-implemented, all features of the claim weretechnical and had to be considered for inventive step.The problem solved by the present invention, namelyverifying ownership of an external financial account inthe context of an electronic transaction andpreventing/detecting electronic fraud, was a technicalproblem, which was solved by technical means.”
上訴委員會(huì)決定
“The method of claim 1 is, however, definedto be computer-implemented and thus involves a computeras technical means, with a transaction processor,storage means and a user interface. The correspondingfeatures in claim 1 are technical. Claim 1, thus,contains both non-technical and technical features andhas technical character as a whole. Accordingly, thesubject-matter of claim 1 is not a scheme, rule ormethod for doing business as such.The patentability ofthe subject-matter of claim 1 is, therefore, notconsidered to be excluded under Article 52(2) and (3)EPC (cf T 258/03 (OJ EPO 2004, 575), reasons 3 and 4).”
小結(jié)
本案中值得注意的是,其涉及計(jì)算機(jī)、交易處理器、存儲(chǔ)裝置和用戶接口,技術(shù)特征和非技術(shù)特征交互,二者作為整體具有技術(shù)性,解決了技術(shù)問(wèn)題。計(jì)算機(jī)作為技術(shù)特征,并不是簡(jiǎn)單地運(yùn)行了非技術(shù)特征。因此,權(quán)利要求1的全部特征都用于評(píng)價(jià)權(quán)利要求1的新穎性和創(chuàng)造性。
當(dāng)審查意見(jiàn)中指出權(quán)利要求的主要方案是非技術(shù)特征時(shí),最佳方案應(yīng)該是將“技術(shù)特征”加入到權(quán)利要求中。然而,有些情況下并不存在可以這樣“使用”的技術(shù)特征。在這些情況下,直接爭(zhēng)辯該特征不應(yīng)被認(rèn)定為是非技術(shù)特征、通過(guò)直接爭(zhēng)辯權(quán)利要求具有創(chuàng)造性而因此該特征具有技術(shù)性、或者爭(zhēng)辯技術(shù)特征對(duì)商業(yè)方案的執(zhí)行是基于對(duì)執(zhí)行該方案的架構(gòu)的技術(shù)理解,被接受的可能性都比較小。
這種情況下,可以著眼于“非技術(shù)特征”與“技術(shù)特征”之間交互,使得二者應(yīng)作為整體解決了技術(shù)問(wèn)題,來(lái)爭(zhēng)辯權(quán)利要求的全部特征都應(yīng)該用于評(píng)價(jià)新穎性和創(chuàng)造性。筆者理解為,此時(shí)仍然承認(rèn)“非技術(shù)特征”,但是由于非技術(shù)特征與技術(shù)特征之間的交互,解決了技術(shù)問(wèn)題,即權(quán)利要求的方案并不是技術(shù)特征對(duì)非技術(shù)特征的簡(jiǎn)單的執(zhí)行,因此這樣的“非技術(shù)特征”與“技術(shù)特征”結(jié)合有助于發(fā)明步驟,應(yīng)該全部用于評(píng)價(jià)評(píng)價(jià)新穎性和創(chuàng)造性,這樣的思路符合歐洲的“混合發(fā)明”可以獲得授權(quán)的主旨。